Form

	Positive	Negative	Question
I / he / she / it	I was speaking.	I was not speaking.	Was I speaking?
you / we / they	You were speaking.	You were not speaking.	Were you speaking?

Exceptions in Spelling

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing	Example
final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed)	come – coming (but: agree – agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled	sit – sitting
l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English)	travel – travelling
final ie becomes y	lie – lying

Use of Past Progressive

• puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past
  Example: He was playing football.
• two actions happening at the same time (in the past)
  Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
• action going on at a certain time in the past
  Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Simple Present

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.


Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?


The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.


Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city.




Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.


Examples:
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJyP8qsxJXo

GRAMMAR

POSSESSIVE CASE

Singular nouns + s’ Ann’s dad

Plural noun + ‘ the children’s grandparents

Irregular plurals + s’ the men’s car.

We add ‘s to the last noun of a phrase to show common possession Ann and Bob’s mom BUT Ann’s and Bob’s bikes.

GRAMMAR

TOO- ENOUGH

Too + adjectives/ adverb + to-infinitive (negative meaning= more/less than what is needed) the oven is too expensive to buy. (we can’t buy it, it’s very expensive).

Adjective/ adverb + enough + to-infinitive/ noun + enough (positive meaning; as much as wanted/ needed) this mixer is easy enough to use. (it’s very easy to use. I can use ir easily). We have enough money to buy this iron. (we can afford to buy it).

Used to/ simple past

We use used to/ simple past for past habits and routines. He used to play/ played football when he was young.

We use the simple past to talk about an action which happened at a specific time in the past. We can’t use used to. They arrived in America in the 18^th century.

(NOT: they used to arrive in America).

GRAMMAR

USED TO

Affirmative

I/You/He, etc. used to walk to school.

Negative

I/You/He, etc. didn’t used to live in a tall building.

Questions/Short answers

Did/ you/ he, etc. used to grow food? Yes, I/ you/ he, etc. did/ no, I/you/he, etc. didn’t we use used to for past habits and routines.